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Intercooler
An intercooler is a device used on turbocharged or supercharged internal combustion engines to improve the volumetric efficiency and increase the amount of charge in the engine, thereby increasing power. The inter in the name refers to its location compared to the compressors; the coolers were typically installed between multiple stages of supercharging in aircraft engines. Modern automobile designs are technically aftercoolers because they appear most often at the very end of the chain, but this name is no longer used.
An intercooler is essentially a radiator
tuned for high volume flow rates and the increasing density of the charge as
it cools. Most designs use ambient air for cooling, flowing through the
radiator core, and often co-located with other radiators for oil or cooling
fluid. This approach is also known as Air To Air (ATA). An alternate design, often referred to as a charge
cooler, uses water or a water/antifreeze mix to cool the
charge, then cools the water in a separate radiator. While heavier and more
complex, charge coolers can often make arranging the rest of the engine much
simpler. This approach is also known as Water To Air (WTA). A variation on
this type of charge cooler substitutes a reservoir of coolant for the
radiator, allowing the use of an icewater mixture that can bring outlet
temperatures well below ambient air temperature even under very high boost
pressure. Because of the limitations on the volume of icewater that can be
stored and circulated, this approach to charge cooling is only practical for
short durations, making it most common in drag
racing and land
speed record attempts. Air to air intercoolers need to be mounted so as to maximize air flow and promote efficient cooling. Most cars such as the Saab, Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, Volkswagen and Audi use front mounted intercooler(s) (FMIC) mounted vertically near the front bumper, in line with the car's radiator. Many older turbo-charged cars, such as the Toyota Supra and 2nd generation Mitsubishi Eclipse use side-mounted intercoolers (SMIC), which are mounted in the front corner of a bumper, in front of one of the wheels. Side-mounted intercoolers are generally smaller and less efficient than front-mounted intercoolers. Cars such as the Subaru Impreza WRX and the MINI Cooper'S use top mounted intercoolers (TMIC) which are mounted horizontally on top of the engine (due to a low hood line) and use a hood scoop to force air over the intercooler. Some World Rally Championship cars use a reverse-induction setup, where air from ducts in the front bumper is forced up over a horizontally-mounted intercooler and then vented through ducts in the top of the hood to further maximize aerodynamic benefits.
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